The role of modern diplomacy in the hybrid war of the United States of America against the I.R.Iran (2015-2023)

Chenari, Mojtaba; Karimifard, Hossein; Akbarzadeh, Fereydoun; Fattahi, Shahram

doi:10.22034/ipr.2024.459471.2134

The role of modern diplomacy in the hybrid war of the United States of America against the I.R.Iran (2015-2023)

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

Mojtaba Chenari ¹

Hossein Karimifard ²

Fereydoun akbarzadeh ³

Shahram Fattahi ⁴

¹ PhD student in International Relations, Faculty of Humanities, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz Branch, Ahvaz, Iran. dr.m.ch.91@gmail.com.

² Associate Professor, Department of Political Science, Faculty of Humanities, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz Branch, Ahvaz.

³ Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, Faculty of Humanities, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz Branch, Ahvaz, Iran.

⁴ Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, Faculty of Law and Political Science, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz Branch, Ahvaz,

10.22034/ipr.2024.459471.2134

Abstract

Hybrid warfare is an important phenomenon in international relations, involving a combination of hard, semi-hard, and soft tools to achieve strategic goals. In this context, modern diplomacy plays a fundamental and complex role. Given the importance of Iran's position in the region, understanding the effects and functions of modern diplomacy in the context of hybrid warfare seems essential for analyzing US policies. Therefore, the main question of this research is how modern diplomacy is used as a tool to combine hard and soft power in the US hybrid war against Iran (2015-2023) and what are its effects? The research method is descriptive-explanatory and the findings show that the US uses tools such as public diplomacy through institutions such as NAAC and the Advisory Council, second-track diplomacy with three approaches of compromise, deterrence, and war, military diplomacy, coercive diplomacy, and cyber diplomacy through platforms such as Twitter and Instagram.

Keywords

Iran

America

hybrid war

diplomacy

modern diplomacy

Subjects

International Relations

Arquilla, J & Ronfeldt, D. (2009). The advent of netwar (revisited). In Networks and netwars: The future of terror, crime, and militancy (pp1-25).

Carpenter, T. G. (2006). Iran's Nuclear Program, America's Policy Options. Retrieved from https://object.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/pubs/pdf/pa578.

Eisenstadt, M. (2020). Iran's economic diplomacy and its implications. Middle East Policy, 27(1), 31-45.

Fraser, Ronald J. (2002). "Complementarity between Unofficial Tracks: the Potential of Transfer from Interactive Conflict Resolution" International Peace and Conflict Resolution Program School of International Service. American University, Washington, DC 20016-8071. Paper Presented at the Annual Conference of the International Studies Association New Orleans, March.

Fitzpatrick, M. (2008). The Iranian Nuclear Crisis: Avoiding Worst-Case Outcomes. Retrieved from. http://www.iiss.org/en/publications/adelphi/by%20year/2008-e03b/the-iranian-nuclear- crisis-avoiding-worst-case-outcomes-cb9e.

Gilboa, E. (2002). Global communication and foreign policy.Journal of Communication.Retrieved from http://dw.com/p/11uvN.

Pompeo, M. (2018). After the Deal: A New Iran Strategy. The Heritage Foundation. Retrieved from https://www.heritage.org/defense/event/after-the-deal-new-iran-strategy.

Roper, C. (2021). Artificial intelligence and cyber warfare: Strategic and tactical implications.Journal of Cyber Security Technology, 5(1), 23-45.